沉积物样品中干扰物的去除及多种持久性有机污染物气相色谱分析   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

佟玲  杨佳佳  吴淑琪  张玲金 《岩矿测试》2011,30(5):601-605

建立了沉积物样品中17种有机氯农药和8种多氯联苯持久性有机污染物的气相色谱分析方法。针对沉积物样品基质复杂、含有大量硫干扰的特点,重点研究了前处理技术。采用加速溶剂提取(ASE)技术提取样品中的有机污染物,比较了加入铜粉后ASE在线除硫和超声波提取除硫的效果。结果表明,加入铜粉ASE提取不能完全去除硫的干扰,需进一步采用超声波提取10 min除硫才能大大减少杂质对目标化合物的干扰。沉积物样品中的色素类及小分子干扰物质采用凝胶渗透色谱结合固相萃取技术进行净化,满足了气相色谱-电子捕获检测器分析的要求。25种化合物的平均添加回收率为68%～131%,方法精密度(RSD,n=6)小于22.3%,检出限为0.10～0.51μg/kg。建立的样品前处理技术净化彻底,适合用于不同地区、不同类型的沉积物样品气相色谱分析。  相似文献   

食品中有机氯农药和多氯联苯气相色谱-质谱分析的离子化方式     

曹孝文  邹宽  徐丹  沈伟健  练鸿振  葛欣  沈崇钰 《岩矿测试》2013,32(1):22-27

对食品中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析方法中三种离子化方式,电子轰击电离(EI)、正化学电离(PCI)和负化学电离(NCI)进行了总结和比较。PCI-MS/MS方法和EI-MS/MS方法都有很高的选择性和较高的灵敏度;PCI方法在分析含硝基、羰基等基团的化合物时有明显优势,EI则在分析狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、硫丹及其代谢物时比PCI表现稍好,而NCI-MS的灵敏度最高,但抗干扰能力稍弱,且不适合分析滴滴涕类和多氯联苯类化合物。在食品安全分析中,三种质谱方法的准确性好,精密度高,检测限较低,都能够满足食品中农残检测的要求,在日常检测工作中可互为补充和替代。同时指出,GC在有机氯化合物分析中仍表现出明显的优越性;常规的GC-MS尤其在EI电离模式下,易受到基质干扰而使谱图变得复杂;新型离子化方式包括高选择性化学电离技术的应用,将是食品安全中GC-MS联用分析的发展方向之一。  相似文献   

废弃生产场地有机氯农药的残留与迁移特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

蘧丹  姜世中  唐阵武  何洁  程家丽 《岩矿测试》2013,32(4):649-658

我国历史上曾生产和使用了大量的有机氯农药,现存的有机氯农药生产企业场地是污染高风险区.先前的报道多集中在场地内污染特征研究,较少关注场地周边有机氯农药污染及其环境风险性.为了解有机氯农药场地土壤污染水平及其对周边环境的影响,本文以重庆某废弃有机氯农药场地及其周边为研究区域,分析土壤中六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)及其降解产物的含量水平,阐明场地内污染特征以及周边土壤的残留规律,评估场地内及周边土壤中有机氯农药污染的人体健康风险.结果表明,场地土壤中∑HCHs的含量水平为3.89 ～ 13385.78 ng/g,低于国内已报道的其他污染场地.∑DDTs的含量水平为22.74 ～ 11186.10 ng/g,与已报道的我国张家口、扬州等地生产场地污染水平相当,但低于邢台、太原和青岛等地农药厂生产场地污染水平.该生产场地土壤中有机氯农药污染的人体致癌风险值均高于可接受的范围,属于重污染区.场地周边400 m范围的土壤中HCHs和DDTs的含量水平虽整体上低于场地内,但污染水平也较高,HCHs污染和DDTs污染的总致癌风险均超过了儿童可接受的限值.随着与生产场地距离的增加,场地周边土壤HCHs和DDTs的含量水平呈幂函数下降的趋势,这同时又表明生产场地有机氯农药仅对场地周边一定范围内的环境产生较大污染.因此,对于生产场地污染不能仅仅关注场地内,还应充分考虑场地周边一定范围内的污染与环境风险性.  相似文献   

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定谷物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨佳佳  佟玲  吴淑琪  阎妮 《岩矿测试》2013,32(3):487-494

针对大米、小麦、玉米和黄豆等谷物样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)检测的前处理过程较为复杂,消耗溶剂多,易导致部分挥发性化合物损失而影响分析的准确度,本文优化了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)提取大米、小麦、玉米和黄豆等谷物样品中OCPs和PCBs的条件,比较了凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和固相萃取柱(SPE)两种净化方式净化样品的效果,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器实现了样品中17种OCPs和8种PCBs单体的系统分析.结果表明,选择二氯甲烷-丙酮混合溶剂(体积比1∶1),采用ASE萃取,同时加入弗罗里硅土在线净化,可满足样品提取需求;除了黄豆和黑豆等豆制品样品需采用GPC结合SPE的净化方法外,大米、小麦、玉米等大部分谷物样品采用SPE净化即可满足测定需求.采用弗罗里硅土SPE净化,仅用9 mL正己烷-乙酸乙酯淋洗液(体积比1∶1)即可将所有目标物回收,克服了有机试剂用量大、同时使用多种试剂及试剂毒性大的问题.添加低、高两个浓度水平0.69 μg/kg和5.52μg/kg,OCPs和PCBs单体的平均回收率为71.0％ ～ 112.0％,相对标准偏差为3.6％～16.7％(n=7);方法检出限为0.07 ～0.30μg/kg,低于国家标准方法的检出限.该方法净化效率高,操作简单,分析成本较低,适用于大批量谷物样品中多种OCPs和PCBs的快速分析.  相似文献   

重庆老龙洞地下河流域水体有机氯农药污染及来源初步研究   总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1  

徐昕  孙玉川 《中国岩溶》2013,32(2)

为查明重庆老龙洞地下河流域有机氯农药的污染情况及其特征和来源,通过气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μ ECD)检测水体OCPs含量.结果表明研究区水样中受到了有机氯农药不同程度的污染.α-HCH是研究区水体HCHs主要成分,HCHs的残留主要来自于大气长距离传输.DDTs的主要成分各采样点不尽相同.DDTs的输入为历史上工业DDTs的使用且在水体中其主要以好氧转化为主.与国内外河流相比较,老龙洞地下河流域水体有机氯农药含量处于较高水平.  相似文献   

Prediction of Aquifer Vulnerability to Pesticides Using Fuzzy Rule-Based Models at the Regional Scale     

《自然地理学》2013,34(2):130-153

Contamination of ground water has been a major environmental concern in recent years. The potential for ground-water contamination by pesticides depends on porous media, solute, and hydrologic parameters. Although sophisticated deterministic computer models are available for assessing aquifer-contamination potential on a site-by-site basis, most deterministic models are too complex for vulnerability assessment on a regional scale because they require input data that are spatially and temporally variable, and which may not be available at this scale. Therefore, development of an affordable model that is robust under conditions of uncertainty at the watershed scale with minimum input of field data becomes a useful ground-water management tool. The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of fuzzy rule-based techniques in predicting aquifer vulnerability to pesticides at the regional scale. The objectives were to (1) develop fuzzy rule-based models using the same input parameters contained in an index-based model (i.e., the modified DRASTIC model), (2) determine the sensitivity of fuzzy rule model predictions, (3) compare the outputs of the fuzzy rule-based models with those of the modified DRASTIC model and with the results of aquifer water-quality analyses, and (4) examine the spatial variability of field parameters around contaminated wells of the Alluvial aquifer in Woodruff County Arkansas. The fuzzy rule-based model for objective (1) was developed using similar parameter weights and ratings as the modified DRASTIC model. For objective (2), fuzzy rule-based models were created using fewer parameters than the modified DRASTIC model. Sensitivity of the fuzzy rule-based models was determined using different combinations of weights of the four input parameters in DRASTIC. It was found that variations in the weights of the input parameters and number of fuzzy sets influenced the location of the aquifer-vulnerability categories as well as the area within each fuzzy category. The fuzzy rule models tended to predict somewhat higher vulnerabilities of the Alluvial aquifer than the modified DRASTIC model. The fuzzy rule base that had the soil-leaching index (S) as the highest weight was chosen as the best fuzzy rule model in predicting potential contamination by pesticides of the aquifer. In general, the fuzzy rule models tended to overestimate the vulnerability of the aquifer in the study area.  相似文献   

Ardières-Morcille in the Beaujolais,France: A research catchment dedicated to study of the transport and impacts of diffuse agricultural pollution in rivers     

Véronique Gouy  Lucie Liger  Samira Ahrouch  Chloé Bonnineau  Nadia Carluer  Arnaud Chaumot  Marina Coquery  Aymeric Dabrin  Christelle Margoum  Stéphane Pesce 《水文研究》2021,35(10):e14384

The 8-km² Morcille catchment, which is a sub-catchment of the 150-km² Ardières catchment in the Beaujolais region of France, is one of the first sites in Europe where research has been conducted on surface water contamination by pesticides. A consolidated hydrological and chemical dataset has been set up with data collected since 2002 on the Morcille River and since 2011 on the Ardières River. Additional data on the ecotoxicological and ecological impacts of pesticides on aquatic microbial communities and macroinvertebrates has also been recorded in both rivers since 2005. The ‘Site Atelier Ardières-Morcille Dataset’ described here combines rainfall and stream water height measurements at gauged stations with concentrations of two trace elements and nine pesticides (mainly herbicides, fungicides and some of their metabolites) in both the Ardières and Morcille rivers. All contaminant concentration data showed spatial and temporal variability in water quality associated with pesticide use and rainfall patterns. This long-term monitoring framework made it possible to estimate the persistence of two herbicides (diuron and norflurazon) after legislation banning them. It took 4 years for diuron and more than 10 years for norflurazon concentrations to fall below 0.1 μg/L. Concurrent biological data showed a gradient of impacts consistent with chemical anthropogenic pressure, and rapid recovery of phototrophic microbial communities after the diuron ban. Finally, monitoring data on pesticide transport in a grassed strip set on a slope of the Morcille catchment confirmed that vegetative filter strips can effectively reduce diuron fluxes in surface runoff (>80% abatement) and infiltration water (>70% abatement). The full dataset offers a valuable resource for the validation of hydrological models and the development of global approaches to better understand the pressure–transport–exposure–impact chain and aquatic community resilience at the small catchment scale.  相似文献   

Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in plastics ingested by seabirds     

Fernanda Imperatrice Colabuono  Satie Taniguchi  Rosalinda Carmela Montone 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(4):630-634

The occurrence of plastic objects in the digestive tract was assessed in eight species of Procellariiformes collected in southern Brazil and the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the ingested plastics pellets and plastic fragments was evaluated. PCBs were detected in plastic pellets (491 ng g⁻¹) and plastic fragments (243-418 ng g⁻¹). Among the OCPs, p,p′-DDE had the highest concentrations, ranging from 68.0 to 99.0 ng g⁻¹. The occurrence of organic pollutants in post-consumer plastics supports the fact that plastics are an important source carrying persistent organic pollutants in the marine environment. Although transfer through the food chain may be the main source of exposure to POPs to seabirds, plastics could be an additional source for the organisms which ingest them, like Procellariiformes which are the seabirds most affected by plastic pollution.  相似文献   

Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the study of organochlorine contaminants in albatrosses and petrels     

Fernanda I. Colabuono  Viviane Barquete  Satie Taniguchi  Peter G. Ryan  Rosalinda C. Montone 《Marine pollution bulletin》2014

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in albatrosses and petrels collected off southern Brazil were compared with concentrations of organochlorine contaminants (OCs). δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values, as well as OCs concentrations, exhibited a high degree of variability among individuals and overlap among species. δ¹³C values reflected latitudinal differences among species, with lower values found in Wandering and Tristan Albatrosses and higher values found in Black-browed and Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatrosses and White-chinned Petrels. Some relationships were found between OCs and stable isotopes, but in general a partial ‘uncoupling’ was observed between OCs concentrations and stable isotopes ratios (especially for δ¹⁵N). δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values in Procellariiformes tissues during the non-breeding season appear to be a better indicator of foraging habitats than of trophic relationships, which may partially explain the high degree of variability between concentrations of OCs and stable isotopes ratios in birds with a diversified diet and wide foraging range.  相似文献   

Historical records of organic pollutants in sediment cores     

《Marine pollution bulletin》2014,78(1-2):26-42

Analyses of sediment core samples are primary sources of historical pollution trends in aquatic systems. Determining organic compounds, such as POPs, in the dated sediments enables the estimation of their temporal concentration changes and the identification of the contaminant origin in local regions. Wars, large-scale fires, economical transitions, and bans on certain chemicals are reflected in the sediment organic compound concentrations. The high POP concentrations in surficial sediments suggest that these chemicals, even after being banned, remain in the environment. Furthermore, vertical profiles can help in understanding the sedimentation process and in estimating effective countermeasures against pollution. Moreover, studies published during the period 1991–2013 on PAHs, PCBs, OCPs, dioxins and dioxin-like compound concentrations in sediment core samples are reviewed.  相似文献